bahasa Inggris- descriptive&recount text

Descriptive text
Descriptive text is a text that usually used in writing to describe an object, it can be place, person, animal, and many more. Desriptive text is an english text that used to describe an object or living thing. We describe the object or living thing based on appearance, texture, voice, smell, etc.

The communicative purpose of description text
The communicative purposes of descriptive text is describing and expressing ,telling the characteristics of an object, place, or certain living things generally without any research exhaustively and thoroughly.

The generic structure of descriptive text

1. Identification
    It is a part of paragraph which introduces or identifies the character.
2. Description
    It is a part of paragraph which describes the character.
    (Masruri, M. 2010)

The generic structure of descriptive text consists of identification and description.
Identification: Identifies phenomenon to be described.
Description: Describes parts, qualities, characteristics, etc.

The Language Features of Descriptive Text

Descriptive often uses 'be' and 'have'.
Tense which is often used is Simple Present Tense. However, some times it uses Past tense if the thing to be described doesn't exist anymore.

The formula of present tense
Positif    : S + V1 (s/es)
Negatif    : S + DO/DOES + NOT + V1
Tanya    : DO/DOES + S + V1

Positif    : S + be + adj/adv
Negatif    : S + be + NOT + adj/adv
Tanya    : be + S + adj/adv

Recount text

Generic Structure

•Orientation:  provides the setting and introduces participants.

• Events: tell what happened,  in what sequence.

• Re-orientation: optional closure of events.

The Communicative purpose

to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining

Language Feature of Recount

• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc

• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc

• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc

• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc

• Using simple past tense

Materi Ajar PKN Kelas X

Materi Ajar Kurikulum 2013

BAB 5 Pemerintah Pusat Dan Daerah

5.1. hubungan structural dan fungsional pemerintah pusat dan daerha

5.2. hubungan pemerintah pusat dan daerah berdasarkan pasal 18 UUD 1945

Pemerintahan daerah pada tahun 1945

Terkait dengan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah dalam pasal 18 UUD 1945 telah diatur pembagian wilayah negara kesatuan RI menjadi daerah provinsi yang kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi daerah kabupaten/kota yang mempunyai pemerintahan daerah yang diatur dengan undang-undang. Ketentuan tersebut merupakan amandemen kedua yang disahkan pada tanggal 18 Agustus 2000. Sebelum amandemen ketentuan pasal 18 UUD 1945 sangat simple , yakni berbunyi :

 “ Pembagian daerah Indonesia atas daerah besar dan daerah kecil , dengan bentuk susunan pemerintahannya ditetapkan dengan undang-undang , dengan memandang dan mengingati dasar permusyawaratn dalam sistem pemerintahan negara, dan hak-hak asal-usul dalam daerah-daerah yang bersifat istimewa”.

 Ketika MPR melakukan amandemen Pasal 18 UUD 1945 dilakukan pengaturan secara komprehensif , yakni disamping mengubah redaksi pasal juga dilakukan penambahan ayat-ayat dan pasal-pasal baru berkaitan dengan pemerintahan daerah . Pasal 18 ditambah dengan 6 ayat baru sehingga menjadi 7 ayat yang antara lain mengatur masalah otonomi daerah dan tugas pembantuan , pemilihan anggota DPRD dan Kepala Daerah yang dilakukan secara demokratis dan langsung oleh rakyat, serta kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam membuat peraturan daerah dan peraturan lain dalam rangka pelaksanaan otonomi daerah dan tugas pembantuan. Sedang penambahan pasal baru dilakukan dengan membuat pasal 18 A yang mengatur hubungan antara Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah di bidang pemerintahan , keuangan , pelayanan umum dan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam. Sedang penambahan pasal 18 B isinya mengakui adanya satuan pemerintahan daerah yang bersifat khusus dan istimewa , serta mengakui eksistensi masyarakat hukum adat dengan hak-hak tradisionalnya.
Kendati penambahan ayat dan pasal baru dalam Amandemen Pasal 18 UUD RI 1945 terkesan lebih teknis , tapi kiranya amandemen tersebut dapat dijadikan pedoman dan dasar peletakkan bagi reformasi pemerintahan daerah di Indonesia. Berdasarkan amandemen Pasal 18 UUD RI 1945 maka dilakukan reformasi terhadap sistem pemerintahan daerah di Indonesia , yakni dengan memberikan keleluasaan yang sangat besar kepada pemerintah daerah untuk mengatur rumah tangganya sendiri.

Pemerintahan daerah pada orde lama

Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 1965

            Beberapa hal baru mengenai penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 1965, yaitu :

Pertama, pembagian daerah Indonesia dilakukan dalam tiga tingkatan , yaitu daerah Provinsi dan/atau Kota Raya sebagai daerah tingkat I ; daerah Kabupaten dan atau kotamadya sebagai daerah tingkat II ; dan daerah kecamatan dan/kotapraja sebagai daerah tingkat III. Ketiga kegiatan daerah tersebut berhak mengatur dan mengurus rumah tangganya sendiri.

Kedua,Dalam undang-undang ini pimpinan DPRD dalam mempertanggungjawabkan pelaksanaan tugasnya kepada kepala daerah. Ketentuan demikian jelas bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip demokrasi dan pembagian kekuasaan , dimana antara DPRD dan kepala daerah kedudukannya sederajad.

Ketiga, Hampir semua kekuasaan, tugas dan kewajiban DPRD dilimpahkan kepada kepala daerah.

fairy tale - The Little Match Girl

The Little Match Girl

It was a terribly cold and nearly dark evening, and the thick flakes of snow were falling fast. It was the last night of the year. In the cold and the darkness, a poor little girl, her head bare, roamed through the streets. 

The little girl went about with little naked feet, which were blue with the cold.

In an old apron she carried a number of matches and had a bundle of them in her hands. No one had bought any matches from her the whole day. Nobody had given her even a penny.

Shivering with cold and hunger, she crept along. The poor little child was miserable. The snowflakes fell on her long, blond hair, which hung in curls.

Lights were shining from every window, and there was a savory smell of roast goose, for it was New Year's Eve. In a corner, between two houses, she sank down and huddled, trying to warm herself. She had drawn her little feet under her, but she could not keep out the cold. She dared not go home, because she had sold no matches, and could not take home even a penny. Her father would certainly beat her. Besides, it was almost as cold at home as here. They had only the roof to cover them, and the wind howled through it, even though the largest holes had been stopped up with straw and rags.

Her little hands were almost frozen with the cold. Perhaps a burning match might do some good if she could draw it from the bundle and strike it against the wall, just to warm her fingers. She drew one out and lit it. It gave a warm, bright light, like a little candle, as she held her hand over it. It was really a wonderful light. It seemed to the little girl that she was sitting by a large iron stove with polished brass feet. The fire burned and seemed so warm that the child stretched out her feet as if to warm them. Then, though, the flame of the match went out, the stove vanished, and she had only the remains of the half-burned match in her hand.

She lit another match and it burst into flame, and where its light fell upon the wall, it became transparent and she could see into the room. The table was covered with a snowy white tablecloth, and had a splendid dinner service with a steaming roast goose, stuffed with apples and dried plums. And what was still more wonderful, the goose jumped down from the dish and waddled across the floor to the little girl. Then the match went out. And there remained nothing but the thick, damp, cold wall before her.

She lit another match and found herself sitting under a beautiful Christmas tree. It was larger and more beautifully decorated than the one that she had seen through the glass door at the rich merchant's. Thousands of candles were burning upon the green branches. The little one stretched out her hand toward them, and the match went out.

The Christmas lights rose higher and higher, until they looked to her like the stars in the sky. Then she saw a star fall, leaving behind it a bright streak of fire.

“Someone is dying,” thought the little girl, for her old grandmother, the only person who had ever loved her and who was now dead, had told her that when a star falls, a soul was going up to heaven.

She again lit a match, and the light shone round her. In the brightness stood her old, loving grandmother.

“Grandmother,” cried the little one, “take me with you. I know you will go away when the match burns out. You will vanish like the warm stove, the roast goose, and the large, glorious Christmas tree.”

And she hurried to light the whole bundle of matches, for she wished to keep her grandmother there. And the matches glowed with a light that was brighter than the midday sun, and her grandmother had never appeared so beautiful. She took the little girl in her arms, and they both flew in brightness and joy far above the earth, where there was neither cold nor hunger nor pain.

In the morning there lay the poor little one, with pale cheeks and smiling mouth, leaning against the wall. She had frozen to death on New Year's Eve. The child still sat, holding the matches in her hand, one bundle of which was burned.

“She tried to warm herself,” said some. No one could imagine what beautiful things she had seen or the wonderful place she had entered with her grandmother on that last day of the year.